Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), also known as Stein-Leventhal syndrome, is the most common endocrine disorder in women, affecting 6-10% of women of reproductive age. PCOS is a common cause of infertility and is a genetic disorder that can be transmitted to children.

PCOS is a disorder caused by ovarian and pituitary hormone production resulting in unbalanced. Polycystic ovary syndrome occurs when there are variations in hormone levels causing irregular menstrual cycles.

Within the ovary a follicle matures and produces an egg that is released each month, this process is called ovulation. In a polycystic ovary are follicles that many fail to mature and therefore do not release eggs. These immature follicles were observed as small cysts in the ovary.

Patients with PCOS have normal reproductive organs, including the uterus and fallopian tubes. However, your ovaries are enlarged and contain multiple small micro cysts. Easily detected by ultrasound, these cysts usually remain small and do not require disposal. Nor is believed to increase risk of ovarian cancer.

PCOS can affect women in different ways as they can present only some symptoms depending on each woman.

Signs and Symptoms

1. Ovarian cysts.
2. Irregular periods or no periods.
3. Irregular ovulation or not ovulate.
4. Trouble getting pregnant as fertility declines.
5. Unwanted hair on face or body (hirsutism).
6. Acne and oily skin.
7. Ability to gain and difficulty losing weight.
8. PCOS predisposes to cardiovascular disease, diabetes and endometrial pathology.
9. Hair loss.

Treatment
There is no cure for PCOS, but the symptoms can be treated and restored fertility. Similarly, reducing the risks and potential health problems associated with this condition, such as endometrial cancer, high insulin, heart disease, high blood pressure. Treatment depends on the symptoms and if you want to get pregnant.

Example: Do you have chronic diseases such as diabetes or blood pressure and said to make the necessary immunizations for you to prevent disease may affect infants, such as: German measles and chickenpox.
Should also should begin to leave some bad habits that Tlazemk like smoking and drinking alcohol and follow a healthy balanced diet rich in vitamins, especially vitamin and (b), which protects the fetal brain from birth, as well as use of folic acid is often found in orange juice, vegetables, legumes and liver.
Remember that you can Tbdiin pregnancy for weeks before discovery. And like, Take care of yourself too early to get a good pregnancy well without trouble.

If you are pregnant Taatokdin the following:

• A visit to the doctor for follow-up.
• Getting a tetanus vaccine to protect against tetanus for the child is born.
• Taking prescription drugs only and does not affect the pregnancy.
• Taking drugs rich in vitamins and iron and folic acid to protect against anemia.
• Go to doctor if any abnormal vaginal discharge.

You must go to the doctor If you see any of the following symptoms:

• Vaginal bleeding.
• Always vomiting, dizziness and coma.
• Backache is continuing.
• Trouble in a heartbeat.
• Bukol feet, face and hands.
• Increased the temperature.
• Yellowing of eyes and body hersh.
• Slowed or stopped movement of the baby.
• Heavy headache.
• Blurry eyes.
• Convulsions.
• Dizziness (vertigo).

Stage of pregnancy:
The duration of pregnancy: Forty weeks and is divided into three stages:
Phase I:
The first three months of pregnancy and the growing core members of the baby are common in this stage some of the symptoms of the mother such as nausea and vomiting, especially in the morning and the swell of chest size and weight begins to increase .

Phase II:
The baby begins to grow very fast and started to sense the movement, Ms. baby. And higher heart rate with a rise in blood pressure in the mother.

Phase III:
Member of baby begins to grow and develop normally.

The best part of having a child properly is the stage between 18-35 years old.
What are the symptoms of pregnancy:

• Stop the menstrual cycle.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Inflation Baltdien.
• Piss often.

Pregnancy test:

• You should start the work of a pregnancy test as soon as menopause.
• Changes in conditions.
• Pregnancy may increase your understanding of your emotions and your spouse.
• In the first three months of pregnancy may face changes in your body you feel insecure in others, you remain calm.
• In the last weeks of pregnancy will feel uncomfortable and some neurological and sleep disorders.
• But in the end, do not worry this is a temporary symptoms associated with pregnancy.

Can a spouse Dorfeulle give helping hand?

• The husband should be familiar with the changes associated with pregnancy and that happened to his wife.
• Must share responsibility.
• Go to his doctor and his consultants what it does to his wife during pregnancy and childbirth.
• This will help her husband with some exercise and reminding them that smoking and alcohol are ill for him and his son, and increase love and compassion to them.
• Will can also pregnancy is a means of rapprochement between you more for a better life for the next child.
• The husband should provide for their children, the arrival of a new baby, and teach them how to prepare for him.
• The start of follow-up to early pregnancy makes you avoid many of the problems of pregnancy, although every pregnancy is different from other pregnancy.

Who are the sponsors of health care for you?
- A doctor of gynecology and obstetrics:
A physician trained to provide medical services for specific problems and pregnancy.
- Family doctor:
A physician trained to provide medical services for all family members and the way the case was referred to a specialist.
- General practitioner:
Is a doctor trained to deal with a wide range of health problems.
- Qualified nurse:
A nurse trained to provide basic health services for women and children.

Follow-up phases of pregnancy:
- The first visit:
The doctor will ask you several questions, including:
- Having a previous pregnancy.
- The menstrual cycle when they started, how the situation.
- Date of enjoyable to you and your wife is sick can lead to hereditary diseases.
- The nutrition and lifestyle.

And then start the medical examination, including:

• Measure the height and weight and blood pressure.
• Examination of the eyes, nose, ears and teeth.
• Examination of the heart, chest, breasts and abdomen.
• Examination of the uterus and be the adequacy of the basin receiving the embryo.

And then start the vaginal examination, such as:

• To review a sample of the uterus to get to know that no signs of cervical cancer.
• The work of a farm of cervical secretions to determine if there are symptoms of the leak.
• The work of a blood test to see if knowledge of anemia and blood type and rhesus factor and if there is Olmani measles or not.
• Urine test with the egg white and sugar, salt and pus.
• Checking blood sugar and functions of the liver and kidneys.
• After these tests should tell your doctor about any problems with such experience to help you and guide you in the right path.

Last visit:

• In the last two months of pregnancy is Tbdiin visit the doctor once every two weeks and then the ninth month once per week until delivery.
• During this visit, no follow through your weight and blood pressure and urine screening and examination of abdomen to see how the growth of babies.
• At this stage you should tell your doctor about any problems that may appear, such as having sugar or disturbance of the functions of the kidney or heart tired.

There are medical tests that help doctors examine the situation of fetal growth and include:

• Taking a sample of fluid around Alomenus baby to protect him to see the overall condition of the baby.
• Ultrasound to determine fetal position, and the size of the cost of old and see if there distortions possible to happen and when is the process of birth.

Stage of development of babies:
Is the growth of babies within the womb in three stages and each stage involves about three months.

Phase I:
Included in the first three months of pregnancy is essential for growth of the child.

• The baby begins to grow 8 cm in length and start in the big country members.
• It is necessary in this stage is not exposure to smoke or drink alcohol or use drugs is wrong.
• Should be a good nutrition for mothers with appropriate rest.

The first months:

• Is starting in the heart, lungs and brain growth and the heart begins to beat at the end of today, 25 this month.
• The baby is surrounded by water to protect it from pressure or trauma and the baby continued to grow in water until birth.
• Umbilicus begins with men, consisting of a set of blood vessels carrying food from mother to infants and carries the baby in the trash outside.
• Start your weight increases, and the thorax of the swell and suffer from nausea in the morning.
• Must be submitted to any bad habits like smoking, drinking alcohol and not taking any drugs unless a doctor.

The second month:

• Grow your hands and fingers and toes start forming the ankles and knees and toes.
• Start of the stomach and liver growth.
• The head looks great compared to the rest of the body because the brain is growing very fast.
• Began the growth of hair on ears.
• You are tired of frequent urination.
• Should be tracking a good diet.

The third month:

• The length of the baby more than 8 cm and weighing 31 grams.
• Begin to define the type of babies this month.
• Show nails.
• Move baby hands and feet and head.
• Increase the weight.

Phase II:

• Start at the beginning of the fifteenth week of pregnancy and the definition of action Tbdii baby.
• The baby begins to increase in weight and determined type.
• The pulse of the baby begins to appear and be heard.

The fourth month:

• Increasing child this month, 186 grams and growing very fast and a length of 20-25 cm by the end of this month.
• More weight 2 kg. You can feel a sense of movement in the lower abdomen.
• The day that you think should be recorded because it may help doctors to calculate the day of birth almost.

The fifth month:

• The end of the month, up weight 1 \ 2 kg and approximately 30 cm long.
• Begin hear the heart rate and sense of movement Tbdii baby.
• More weight 2 kg one.
• Start the surrounding areas to make the chest Bhelmp dark brown in color and expand, as the magnitude of the breasts.

The sixth month:

• Composition of the completed child, except where the skin is abnormal Lübbe many wrinkles and red and fat under the skin.
• The length of the infant 35 cm and more than 2-1 kg.
• The baby starts sucking his finger and moving a lot and feel the movement.
• Tbdiin feel tired in the lower back.

Phase III:
Start at the end of 24 weeks of pregnancy.

The seventh month:

• Up to 38 cm long and over 1 / 2 kg 1 and the child begins to wrap around the movement itself and return to normal again.
• Does the weight increase of 2 kg tumor in the foot and feel in this case should Trfie relax your feet upwards to feel.

The eighth month:

• The length of 40 cm and weighs 1 / 2 kg 2. Opening his eyes and change the baby and put the womb.
• More weight 2 kg and should avoid actions and cumbersome lifting heavy objects.

The ninth month:
The length of 48 cm and baby weighs 3 kg and 40 weeks of pregnancy the baby is completed, growth and weight ranges 3-1 / 2 3. And the baby begins to get the tub in the meantime you will be comfortable for the demise of pressure on abdomen and the baby Tsttiei Taatnevsi quiet and comfortably.

Why more weight during pregnancy:

• That a pregnant woman is increasingly weighing about 10-15 kg during pregnancy and this increase is divided as follows:
• U003d Infants with weight at the end of pregnancy, 3-1 / 2 kg 3
• Placenta \ u003d 3 \ 4 kg
• Liquid Alomenus \ u003d 1 kg
• Uterus \ u003d 1 kg
• Breasts \ u003d 1 / 2 – 3 / 4 kg.
• Blood \ u003d 1 / 2 1 – 2 kg.
• Liquid stored in the tissues of the body during the Aries 1 – 1 / 2 1 kg.
• Materials stored as body fat \ u003d 2 – 3 kg.

But it is the task of food to lose weight during pregnancy because it directly affects child growth and nutrition for you you are back to normal weight within 3-6 months of birth and become part of Tvkadin If you Barzaap your child from your chest ..

A key element in the development of your unborn baby
It takes about 3 months for the capital of folic acid is optimal, or of studies have shown that nearly half of women age to conceive a child, are in partial deficiency of this vitamin.
It plays a vital role in the first 4 weeks of pregnancy, the developing neural tube of the future baby.
The neural tube will form its spine, skull and brain.
A deficiency of folic acid can cause neural malformations: spina bifida, and to a lesser extent, a malformation of the face: the harelip (the cleft lip and palate)
In fact, the occurrence of these defects for 1 pregnancy in 1000.

When, how and who is affected by supplementation with folic acid?
For this reason, the medical profession calls for folic acid from the preparation of pregnancy, at least 8 weeks before the first trial design, and during the 1 first month of pregnancy.
Indeed it appears that supplementation reduced the risk of malformation of almost 70%!

They found folic acid in the daily diet, especially vegetables in green leaves, bread, cereals, and vegetables and dried fruits.
(see below)..
But as a precaution, doctors prefer to prescribe additional tablets to take daily.
Assays:
- 0.4 mg per day for women does not pose a particular risk.
- 5 mg per day for women who are at increased risk.

What are the circumstances of increased risk:
- If you had a child with a neurological defect, spina bifida type.
- If you follow an anti-epileptic treatment, or treatment for diabetes.
- If you are overweight, or conversely, if your body mass index (BMI) is below 18 in early pregnancy.
- If you become pregnant while you are still growing season (for all girls!)

In all cases, is an important point of discussion with your doctor whenever you want to start your “project baby”!

Where does one find folic acid in food daily?

All leafy vegetables: watercress, chicory, dandelion, lettuce, mache, endive, leeks, cabbage, artichokes, spinach, parsley …
Seeds: walnuts, chestnuts, chickpeas, lentils, hazelnuts, pistachios, peanuts.
Eggs.
The refined cheeses like Brie, Les Bleus, the Goats …
Bread in any proportion, but as we consume more, it becomes interesting in terms of contribution … particularly bread.

Child’s Thyroid .-

Regarding the protection of the child’s thyroid during pregnancy as we have discussed in Chapter Prevention of thyroid disease, but we will make a reminder surface. In relation to the thyroid of children we must remember the “rule of three”

After three weeks of conception begins to form the outline of what should be the thyroid of children, women at this time often do not know yet who is pregnant, from the third month of conception, the fetal thyroid is already able to accumulate iodine, operate and produce their own hormones, three weeks after birth the newborn has used hormones that could come from his mother, he has exhausted their deposits and began to operate connected to the pituitary.

During pregnancy the embryo first and later fetus are highly protected. They have two possibilities of using thyroid hormones, those which he makes and those of his mother passing the placenta. If your mother has a severe hypothyroidism, the child uses the hormones that it produces, if the child has thyroid agenesis, ie a congenital lack of thyroid, also has no problem, use the hormones that supplies his mother. In both cases the child is born quite normal in their development.

The problem occurs when there is a lack of iodine to produce thyroid hormones. Under these circumstances it works well and the thyroid of the mother or the fetus, and then there are problems. Why am I so insistent with the theme of food rich in iodine and in case of doubt, which is always, use iodized salt. But that is what we discussed at length in the chapter on Prevention.

Mother’s Thyroid .- Modifications induced by pregnancy .-

Although she is a woman you absolutely normal for thyroid pregnancy is a major impact. But do not worry you are prepared for that and more. That gender equality is stupid, women are physiologically better equipped than men.

Pregnancy is accompanied by the influence of a number of factors specific to this condition which together are a major stimulus of the thyroid of the pregnant woman.

The first factor, which influences all in the first quarter, thyroid stimulating hormone produced in the placenta, chorionic gonadotropin Let’s talk a little about it. Production begins immediately with the conception, to 2 to 3 days. It is this hormone that is detected in blood or urine and is the basis of pregnancy tests. Well, chorionic gonadotropin is very similar to TSH and may stimulate the thyroid. Approximately 18% of pregnant women during the first quarter a slight stimulation of the thyroid that slips between the other pregnant women feel discomfort. There may be a slight elevation of T4 and TSH frenación the first quarter is normal and should not be confused with hyperthyroidism. In the second and third quarter levels drop box chorionic gonadotropin and tends to subside.

Well, if there is an increase of thyroid hormones in blood and inhibition of TSH, a gynecologist and endocrinologist are entitled to think there may be a situation hyperfunctional. But there are data that can help make a difference: first antibodies and normal thyroid ultrasound is mostly normal in this false hyperthyroidism might be called the first trimester of pregnancy. In hyperthyroidism there is increased real vascularity in the thyroid gland appears as a low echogenicity, the study echo-color Doppler is very apparent increased vascularity in the false hyperthyroidism is strictly normal thyroid ultrasound.

In the second and third quarter are also factors that alter thyroid function, but are otherwise. Although not entirely clear, this problem could be implicated themselves female hormones, primarily estrogen. We discussed in the opening chapters of Physiology which circulating thyroid hormones in blood mostly bound to a protein called TBG (thyroxine binding globulin globulin or Bindig or carriage of thyroxine), well in pregnancy figures TBG soar, between 16 to 20 weeks of gestation the number of blood TBG bends. In these circumstances the levels of T4 and T3 in blood are altered and can give the false impression of a functional impairment. But this issue is resolved, because the T4-Free is unchanged and remains normal. Simplify and summarize:

In pregnant by changes in hormonal status can be seen discrete alterations in the levels of T4-T3 and TSH. -Free T4 is not altered. Conventional ultrasound and echo-color doppler (vascularization), are normal.

For the reasons previously mentioned the thyroid of the mother during pregnancy is forced. It is estimated that the thyroid of the pregnant woman produces between 30% and 50% more than in normal thyroxine. To maintain the level of T4-Free stabilized blood must increase its rate of production and also the mother to fetus transfer a portion of your hormones, not much, but enough to maintain normal growth if the fetus had problems with your thyroid .

In pregnancy the mother’s thyroid can grow a little. But perhaps not always in a 10 to 15% of cases. This checked by ultrasound. But it’s a very discreet and you can later return to their normal size.

Regulation of thyroid function in pregnant women with iodine deficiency .-

Normally, as we previously indicated, the moderate exertion which requests the thyroid is fine, but if there is a deficiency in iodine the situation is different. The thyroid of the mother is insufficient to produce the hormone necessary because not enough iodine without material may not be can not build a house. The mother’s TSH is elevated and the thyroid of the mother increases. The boy has got it all and also can be born with a small goiter, apart from the problems of development that could have had. But this is explained more fully in Chapter Prevention.

The iodine requirements of a normal woman is 150 micrograms daily, the woman needs 200 micrograms. Iodine supplementation either as single dose “shock” in the first two months of pregnancy or compounds included in multivitamin and polimineral type models currently used can solve this problem.

Pregnancy involves increased nutritional requirements, this means an increase in energy consumption (called increased basal metabolic rate) with the increase in nutritive elements, vitamins and minerals.
Anyway this is not excessive consumption of food, much less the increase in carbohydrate consumption although many mothers experience increased appetite or selectivity for certain foods.

The maternal weight
The ideal average weight gain in late pregnancy is (between week 38-42) 11 Kg
According to the committee on Maternal Nutrition National Research Council 1989, with a gain of 1 kg during the first trimester and 400 g per week from the second quarter.
This is due to begin forming new tissues, organs and unborn child develops.
It is important that during this period receive a correct diet in order to avoid complications and promote the normal course of your pregnancy and fetal growth.
A little weight gain, ie the bottom of 9 kg, can adversely affect pregnancy, in the sense of having a child as a result of low birth weight (less than 2.5 kg).

Studies show the existence of a relationship between fetal malnutrition and changes in weight and size of newborns who receive inadequate supply of nutrients during the gestation period, through a gap in the nutrition of the mother. It is imperative to motivate women to skinny gain weight during pregnancy than women of normal weight. This means that if you keep your weight within normal limits (9 and 12 kg) integrate the body of pregnant women with less incidence of preeclampsia, prematurity and low birth weight.

How should this weight gain?
As mentioned, the proper distribution of weight gain is 1 kg during the 1st. quarter and half (1 / 2) Kg per week steadily until the end of pregnancy.
This has a rationale, and we can explain. If we consider the 3 steps that occur during pregnancy:

* 1st. Stage: It ranges from the establishment about two weeks after conception. At this time the fertilized egg implants in the wall of the uterus and the placenta begins to develop.
* 2nd. Stage: The period of training and development of organs like heart, kidneys, lungs, liver, skeleton.
* 3rd. Stage: The future baby gains weight quickly. They develop the placenta and maternal reserves in preparation for childbirth, postpartum and milk production. At this stage it is common for mothers manifest salt and water retention.

At week 40 of gestation, we can identify these components of weight:

Child: 3.5 Kg
Size of the uterus: 900-1000 gr
Placenta and Membranes: 650-700 gr
Amniotic Fluid: 800-1000 gr
Breast Augmentation: 500 gr
Liquid Body: 1800 gr
Interstitial fluid: 1200 gr

What if there overweight before pregnancy?
First, you should not submit to strict regimes during this time. You can alter the normal development of your unborn child, can even endanger their life.
It is advised that both the overweight and obesity is treated before or after pregnancy.

What about protein?
Recall that proteins are an important nutritional principles based “plastic”, ie form new organs, tissue repair among many others. Therefore, as you can imagine your requirement is also increased in this period.
During the last 6 months of pregnancy, are deposited approximately 950 grams of protein. To offset this demand will be sufficient the addition of 10 grams of protein, preferably of animal origin in the usual daily intake of the mother.

What about calcium?
The efficiency of minerals absorption like calcium and iron increases during pregnancy, but the demands of the fetus and other tissues in need of development increases in the diet towards the second and third quarter primarily.
The extra calcium requirement during this period is about 30 grams, which coincides with the amount of calcium present in the fetus to term.
Some calcium and phosphorus are deposited at the start but most of these minerals are incorporated into the final quarter. The calcification of the bones takes place during the past two months, capturing the fetus about 300 mg / day in this period.
The first set of teeth begins to form in the eighth week of prenatal life and are well trained in late pregnancy. The same is true of the six-year molars, which are the first permanent teeth emerge, they begin to calcify before birth.
You see, it is very important for your child to have calcium. And unlike iron, calcium deposits, the mother will be used to meet the demands of the child, they represent 25% of maternal reserves.
Increasing daily calcium intake should be from the beginning of pregnancy together with the phosphorus. If you consume milk and its derivatives easily cover that adequate calcium intake.
Cow’s milk is an important food that helps not only with the contribution of calcium but protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals and lipids (fats).
Approximately one liter of whole milk, fluid supplies 100% of requirement of calcium, vitamin D and almost 50% of protein intake that pregnant women need.
Vitamin D across the placenta it can reach the baby. Numerous studies concur that this vitamin deficiency in the mother may be transmitted to the child.

What about iron?
During pregnancy the mother used and will absorb between 700 and 1000 mg. Of this total, 240mg are provided by the suppression of menstrual flow and the rest should be taken with food intake. Iron requirements are markedly increased during pregnancy. This is because increasing the volume of red cells in the mother because of the iron is transferred from mother to fetus and decreasing supply.
We remind you that the red blood cells carry oxygen inter alia from the lung to the various bodies including the baby.
The usual diet is absorbed only 10% and only in circumstances where there is a real gap absorption increases to 20%.
In this connection the Committee on Maternal Nutrition of the National Research Council in 1989, recommended iron supplement in the form of ferrous salts, in this period due to regular diets rarely sufficient to cover claims.
This situation is exacerbated if the mother prior to pregnancy had anemia, menstrual losses important or if the pregnancy is multiple.

Vitamin C
This vitamin is mainly found in citrus fruits (orange, grapefruit, tangerine), enhances iron absorption. That is as important eating fruits at meals.

Foods rich in
We have seen it is very important to the ingestion of food containing plenty of iron and as there are foods that promote the absorption of this mineral (vitamin C), there are others on the contrary hinder absorption, due to the high content of phytic acid. They are usually legumes (lentils, chickpeas, beans, soy), and tannic acid in tea, among others. But do not forget that the other legumes have other desirable nutritional values. The solution is to vary the diet alternating foods that contain them and others avoid them.
The difference of folic acid is rare. The main reason is that your requirement is increased in this period. The body does not get any folate intake, for this reason is that it recommends a daily intake of 800 mcg.
With a proper diet that will be covered, and if you also careful not to use as the cooking method to use boiled or preserved, as these are easily destroyed.

Do not forget
While fresh fruits and vegetables provide few calories, its nutritional value is due to their content of vitamins and minerals.
The heat of cooking destroys many vitamins.
Sweets provide excess calories and detrimental to the teeth, which during pregnancy are very prone to decay.
Digestible fats are better for you to choose during your pregnancy. You prefer extra virgin olive oils pure and used as seasoning preparations with table margarines.
Highly salted foods such as canned meats and canned meats should be consumed with utmost restraint and if there is hypertension and / or swelling you should avoid them completely.

You can get the most vitamins and minerals they need through a healthy diet. Since it is difficult to get enough iron, folic acid and calcium from food, many pregnant women take a prenatal vitamin every day.

Folic acid is one of the vitamins contained in most prenatal vitamins. The Institute of Medicine recommends that women consume 600 micrograms of folic acid daily (from supplements and food) once to get pregnant. Most prenatal vitamins contain this amount or up to 1,000 micrograms of folic acid.

What You Can Do
Take your prenatal vitamin every day. Take vitamins as indicated. Read the label and call your healthcare professional.

Do not consume more vitamins and minerals unless your health care professional has recommended it. Taking large amounts of vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin A, can be dangerous. Do not take more than 5,000 IU (international units) of vitamin A daily. Also do not take more than 1,000 micrograms (1 milligram) of folic acid without first talking to your healthcare professional.

Eat a diet that includes a wide variety of healthy and nutritious. What are some good options? Fruits, vegetables, breads and pasta, dairy and protein sources of low fat, like low-fat red meat, beans, tofu, poultry and some fish. (See Food Safety A list of fish that pregnant women should not eat).

If you have trouble digesting lactose (the natural sugar in milk), the low-lactose milk products and orange juice fortified with calcium can help you get the calcium you need.

Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins and minerals offer the body the nutrients it needs to stay healthy and repair any damage. You can get most of the vitamins by eating a healthy diet that includes:

* Fruits
* Plants
* Bread and pasta
* Dairy products
* Beans
* Low-fat meat
* Poultry
* Fish low in mercury

Supplements
It may be difficult for some people to get enough vitamins and minerals from diet alone. They may need a supplement. A supplement is usually in the form of tablets or capsules.

Examples of people who may need a supplement are:

* Women who may become pregnant should take a daily multivitamin containing 400 micrograms of folic acid to help prevent certain birth defects in the baby. Although women are using contraception, is a good idea if you take a multivitamin, if you become pregnant.
* Pregnant women often take a prenatal vitamin. Contains folic acid and important nutrients needed during pregnancy.
* People with certain health conditions may need extra vitamins and minerals. Some diseases, such as anemia, may occur because the body does not have enough of certain nutrients like iron. People with these diseases may get extra nutrients through diet or supplements.

Important nutrients during pregnancy
During pregnancy, your health professional can give you a prescription for a prenatal vitamin for you and your baby receive the important nutrients for health. You can also buy prenatal vitamins over the counter in most pharmacies.

Folic acid is one of the nutrients included in most prenatal vitamins.

* Folic acid helps prevent birth defects of the brain and spine or spinal cord. It can also protect pregnant women against cancer and stroke.
* Pregnant women should get 600 micrograms of folic acid daily from foods and supplements.
* Most prenatal vitamins contain 600 to 1,000 micrograms of folic acid.

Iron is another important nutrient for pregnant women. Also found in prenatal vitamins.

* Iron helps in muscle development in the mother and baby.
* Helps prevent anemia, a condition in which red blood cells of women are very small and low quantity. Red blood cells carry oxygen around your body and baby.
* The iron can also reduce the risk of premature birth and low birth weight.

Calcium is also available in prenatal vitamins, helps strengthen bones and teeth in the mother and baby.

* Calcium helps maintain healthy nervous system, muscle and blood.
* When a pregnant woman is not getting enough calcium in your diet, the body takes calcium from your bones to offer the developing baby.
* Have less calcium in the bones can cause serious health conditions later in life, such as osteoporosis. In osteoporosis, bones are thin, and the person has a higher risk of fractures.

Docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA, a type of omega-3 fatty acid. Helps sustain the development and function of the brain and eyes of the baby.

* Women must obtain at least 200 milligrams of DHA daily.
* Can be difficult to find prenatal vitamins that contain DHA. But some prenatal vitamins are packaged and sold with a bottle of DHA to the side.

Remember, before taking any supplement, talk with your healthcare professional to find out if you need and how to take. Some supplements may be harmful during pregnancy. Furthermore, large amounts of some can be risky. For example, taking too much vitamin A during pregnancy can cause birth defects. Do not take more than 5,000 IU (international units) of vitamin A daily.

1. The risk of pregnancy persists
Caution. At this stage it is recommended to take measures to avoid unwanted pregnancies.
Although perimenopause occurs in a significant decrease in the fertility of women, the risk of pregnancy persists.

The possibility of pregnancy is 10% approximately 40 to 44 years and 2-3% in women aged 45 to 49 years. Even after 50 years the risk of pregnancy in perimenopause is less than zero.

The wisest course is to use some method of contraception until 12 months after the last natural menstruation.

In a recent survey across the country, it was found that over 50% of women between 40 and 50 do not use any contraceptive method and 80% is because they believe they no longer get pregnant at this age.

Because of this lack of information, pregnancy at this stage of life are often not scheduled, so are rarely desired.

There is a mixture of feelings, from fear of social rejection and / or family by becoming pregnant at this age, to the concern of a complicated pregnancy or a baby with some type of malformation.

And it is true that complications of pregnancy and delivery increase with age, as well as birth defects in the fetus.

2. And perimenopause birth control
Counseling. The choice of a contraceptive method should be supervised by a physician.

Natural Contraceptives
Due to frequent irregularities of menstruation in perimenopause, natural methods, which are based on the probable date of ovulation, the method of periodic abstinence, that of Ogino, or basal temperature are of little use, for be very inefficient and cumbersome.

Barrier Contraceptives
The methods that pose a barrier to the passage of sperm, such as diaphragms, spermicidal creams or condoms, may be safe (effectively about 98%) for women in perimenopause.

Condoms also provide an advantage to women without a stable partner, which is protection against diseases transmitted by sexual routes, especially to AIDS.

The IUD in women approaching menopause is a practical, effective, reversible, and can be easily inserted where they had children. Although the IUD can increase the amount of menstrual flow and sometimes enhance existing complaint among these women, the risks associated with IUDs are practically negligible.

Irreversible method of sterilization
In perimenopause sterilization methods such as tubal ligation in women and vasectomy in men can be very adequate measures of family planning during this time. However, it depends on the proximity of menopause and women’s preference.

It is obvious that perform a tubal ligation, a woman of 50 years, which probably lacks a short time in order to be withdrawn definitively rule would in principle be misplaced.

It would be different if women had 42, and that theoretically would be missing nearly a decade to reach menopause, and during that time would always present the risk of pregnancy.

Furthermore, we must remember that this method is irreversible and could only be done if the woman was very sure of not wanting to conceive more children.

Today tubal ligation is performed through an instrument called a laparoscope. It is a small surgical procedure that has very few complications, requires the patient’s hospitalization and recovery is very rapid, and there is hardly a discreet scar in the navel area.

Hormonal contraceptives
More than 30 years since the publication of scientific work which has suggested the use of oral hormonal contraceptives (AHO) for women over 35 years increased the risk of thromboembolic disorders (thrombophlebitis, for example).

As a result, neither doctors nor women prescribed wanted to take them. But we must not forget that these studies were performed with the old pills, which had a very high dose of hormones.

Also, do not take into account what kind of women are given, ie whether they were smokers, if they had high blood pressure, or had some other risk factor.

Pills today pills called “new generation” containing much smaller amounts of hormones and their formulations are quite different. By oral hormonal contraceptives (the pill), mainly those of low doses of estrogen are considered an excellent method of contraception in perimenopause, and are now the most frequently chosen by physicians and by women.

Besides offering nearly 100% certainty in preventing pregnancy, is helpful in correcting the hormonal imbalance between estrogen and progestin present in the perimenopause.

Also help regulate menstrual cycles, prevention of breast abnormalities, reduce uterine cancer and ovarian cancer, and in some way, decrease bone loss, thus contributing to the prevention of osteoporosis.

Oral contraceptives are made with synthetic estrogen, unlike those used in the treatment of climacteric disturbances, which are natural. So while the latter prevents cardiovascular disease, those can cause an increased risk of cardiovascular and thromboembolic disease, when used by women with a history of these diseases or smokers over 40 years.

Furthermore, this risk is multiplied when there are both metabolic disease, hypertension, or liver cancer.

… In short, women should expect from the health professional, to tell you the advantages and disadvantages of each métodoy together to choose the most effective and most suited to the characteristics of the couple.

3. The morning after pill
The morning after pill, rather than a contraceptive method should be interpreted as an occasional or emergency measure interceptive, since its objective is to prevent the implantation of the fertilized egg.

Therefore, this procedure should be reserved for those occasions when the relationship occurs in the period of ovulation in the absence of a contraceptive method, or for example, when a condom breaks.

It has been marketed in Spanish pharmacies postcoital contraception pill. This drug, sold by prescription, it takes high doses of progestin (levonorgestrel) and creates a very unfavorable uterine condition, preventing a fertilized egg continues its development.

Should be initiated as soon as possible, no later than 72 hours after intercourse, if it was done in the fertile period of the cycle (midcycle, around ovulation).

Not to be confused with RU-486, a medical abortion because it acts at a more advanced embryonic chain. ie pregnancy interrupted at the onset of embryonic development.

Today, as most common regimen, is used to take two tablets once a half-dose hormonal contraceptive (50 mcg ethinyl estradiol) followed within 12 hours of two tablets.

The percentage of efficiency of this method is around 98 to 99.8%. It is possible and should not cause concern for nausea, vomiting, or breast tenderness, because these symptoms are secondary to high dose of estrogen intake.